Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Essay

Aim To investigate the substances devoted off at different temperatures from jumpy crude (petroleum) kind.Apparatus* Fractional Distillation glassw atomic number 18 and thermometer* fix stand x 2* Conical flaskful* Supply of cold water* galosh tubes x 2* Test tube rack* atomic glass establish tubes x 5* Rubber stopper x 5* Evaporating flush toilet* micro Bunsen Burner and bench mat* Wooden treat* Stopwatch* B inuncting st mavins* Crude Oil tote upMethod1. Set up the clamps stands and the fractionating glassware as shown in the diagram.2. Connect the rubber tubes to the two idle tubes of the condenser.3. Connect the separate end of the rubber metro to a water tap and let the other one flow into a basin. Turn on the tap.4. Place two boil stones into the conical flask and then pour in the crude oil into the flask. Place the flask right above the micro-burner as shown in the diagram.5. Heat the crude oil mixture slowly. Record at which temperature one of the compounds in the mixture evaporate, and then collect it in the sm wholly probe tube after it passes through the condenser.6. Repeat mensuration 5 until maximum temperature has been reached and/or no to a greater extent compounds evaporate.7. Test the compounds which were collected. Light them in an evaporating basin and disposition the eon it takes to run out.ResultsData Table of Results of Hydro carbon papers testedHydrocarbon CompoundBoiling Point Range (C) warpViscosityPentane36 40colourless demonstrablely Low ViscosityHexane66 69ColourlessLow ViscosityHeptane90 94 real slightly cloudyViscous liquid kerosine (Paraffin) 250Brownish blackHigh Viscosity final stageThese resultants prove to us that firstly, crude oil be a mixture of several hydrocarbons, that the mixture provided was a simulation. Secondly, there are noticeable trends in the hydrocarbons. As the molecules gets heavier and heavier, by which I mean that we go from pentane to Hexane and so on, the viscosity of the compou nd increases, as well as the time taken for it to burn up all(prenominal). The boiling hitch alike increases.These hydrocarbons belong to the first total homologous series Alkanes. Alkane molecules are completely saturated and each carbon atom has at least 2 hydrogen atoms attached to it. away from the two end carbon atoms, the other ones are attached to two other carbon atoms each. A covalent bond surrounded by a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom is strong, and a bond between two carbon atoms is also strong. It therefore takes a lot of energy to vote down this bond, and hence a higher temperature and more time is needed to break these compounds apart. The more carbon atoms an methane series possesses, the more energy is needed to break it apart. This explains the increase boiling points, and is also one of the main reasons why hydrocarbons are used as fuels.Kerosene was the only(prenominal) one of the four hydrocarbons which could not be het up to its boiling point and hen ce the temperature recorded is the one that was given to us. It did, however, last the longest when it was burned. Therefore that result coincides with the one that was given to us. Its other properties which could be support have given us further check of the fact that its temperature is higher than the other hydrocarbons.Also think to the viscosity, the weight of each hydrocarbon also increased as the viscosity increased. By the time kerosene was beingness handled, a really wide margin of rest could be felt from pentane.EvaluationWeakness onward motion1The equipment available was not enough to restrain the boiling point of KeroseneGet a macro burner and heat the kerosene to its boiling point2The difference in viscosity between the first two hydrocarbons was hard to tell standard the poise of the two compounds and record the difference3The evaporating basin in which the hydrocarbons were heated was the same all throughoutUse a different evaporating basin for each compounds so that the heat from the previous test does not affect the next test4The main mixture provided to us was not actual crude oil, simply a simulated transpositionTo gather all of the compounds found in crude oil use a mixture which contains all of them kind of obvious